Space vector modulation

Passband modulation
Analog modulation
AM · SSB · QAM · FM · PM · SM
Digital modulation
FSK · MFSK · ASK · OOK · PSK · QAM
MSK · CPM · PPM · TCM · SC-FDE
Spread spectrum
CSS · DSSS · FHSS · THSS
See also: Demodulation, modem,
line coding, PAM, PWM, PCM

Space vector modulation (SVM) is an algorithm for the control of pulse width modulation (PWM).[1] It is used for the creation of alternating current (AC) waveforms; most commonly to drive 3 phase AC powered motors at varying speeds from DC using multiple class-D amplifiers. There are various variations of SVM that result in different quality and computational requirements. One active area of development is in the reduction of total harmonic distortion (THD) created by the rapid switching inherent to these algorithms.

Contents

Principle

A three phase inverter as shown to the right must be controlled so that at no time are both switches in the same leg turned on or else the DC supply would be shorted. This requirement may be met by the complementary operation of the switches within a leg. i.e. if A+ is on then A− is off and vice versa. This leads to eight possible switching vectors for the inverter, V0 through V7 with six active switching vectors and two zero vectors.

Vector A+ B+ C+ A− B− C− VAB VBC VCA
V0 = {000} OFF OFF OFF ON ON ON 0 0 0 zero vector
V1 = {100} ON OFF OFF OFF ON ON +Vdc 0 −Vdc active vector
V2 = {110} ON ON OFF OFF OFF ON 0 +Vdc −Vdc active vector
V3 = {010} OFF ON OFF ON OFF ON −Vdc +Vdc 0 active vector
V4 = {011} OFF ON ON ON OFF OFF −Vdc 0 +Vdc active vector
V5 = {001} OFF OFF ON ON ON OFF 0 −Vdc +Vdc active vector
V6 = {101} ON OFF ON OFF ON OFF +Vdc −Vdc 0 active vector
V7 = {111} ON ON ON OFF OFF OFF 0 0 0 zero vector

To implement space vector modulation a reference signal Vref is sampled with a frequency fs (Ts = 1/fs). The reference signal may be generated from three separate phase references using the \alpha\beta\gamma transform. The reference vector is then synthesized using a combination of the two adjacent active switching vectors and one or both of the zero vectors. Various strategies of selecting the order of the vectors and which zero vector(s) to use exist. Strategy selection will affect the harmonic content and the switching losses.

More complicated SVM strategies for the unbalanced operation of four-leg three-phase inverters do exist. In these strategies the switching vectors define a 3D shape (a hexagonal prism in \alpha\beta\gamma coordinates[2] or a dodecahedron in abc Three-Dimensional Space Vector Modulation in abc coordinates[3]) rather than a 2D hexagon.

See also

References

  1. ^ M.P. Kazmierkowski, R. Krishnan, and F. Blaabjerg (2002). Control in Power Electronics: Selected Problems. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 9780124027725. http://books.google.com/books?id=6_dmMHEyvrkC&pg=PA373&dq=%22space+vector+modulation%22+intitle:%22Control+in+Power+Electronics%22&lr=&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES&ei=CBWOSdCVDJO2ygTvxuiXBg. 
  2. ^ R. Zhang, V. Himamshu Prasad, D. Boroyevich and F.C. Lee, "Three-Dimensional Space Vector Modulation for Four-Leg Voltage-Source Converters," IEEE Power Electronics Letters, vol. 17, no. 3, May 2002
  3. ^ M.A. Perales, M.M. Prats, R.Portillo, J.L. Mora, J.I. León, and L.G. Franquelo, "Three-Dimensional Space Vector Modulation in abc Coordinates for Four-Leg Voltage Source Converters," IEEE Power Electronics Letters, vol. 1, no. 4, December 2003

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